In 1667, the landscape gardner, LE NOTRE, created a walk in an area, previously given over to fields and marsh land, designed to offer the king a fine perspective from the Tuileries. At the time of the Revolution, the guillotine established at place de la Concorde attracted crowds to the Champs-Elysées, so named in 1789. But, at the fall of the Empire, Russian and Prussian troops camped in the gardens and devastated trees and plants. The area regained its prestige in 1830-1840 with a restoration led by Hittorf. He introduced lighting, fountains and various buildings-including the Ledoyen restaurant and the pavillon Laurent- into the gardens. In 1859, Alphand redesigned the gardens in the English style, which is how they remain today. They were, however, reduced in size by the building of the Grand and Petit Palais for the World Fair of 1900.